The first of these two Chinese characters means firm and unyielding; the
second one means resolute and decisive. As people often come under undue
influences that affect their observance of moral standards, this term
emphasizes the need to resist such influences by adhering to ethical
rules in their conduct. People should neither succumb to self-driven
motives, nor yield to violence and coercion. Confucian scholars regard
firmness and resolution as an important virtue which is close to benevolence.
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Kailyn